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Driving behavior captured with a global positioning system (GPS) device discerned whether cognitively normal older drivers had preclinical Alzheimer's disease, an early stage when Alzheimer's pathology has developed but cognitive changes aren't apparent.

Models to identify preclinical Alzheimer's with GPS data had an F1 score of 82% using driving indicators alone; 88% using age and driving; and 91% using age, APOE4 genotype, and driving, reported Sayeh Bayat, a PhD candidate in biomedical engineering at the University of Toronto, who presented the findings at the 2021 Alzheimer's Association International Conference, held virtually and in Denver.

The model that included age, APOE4 genotype, and driving indicators had an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.96. APOE4 status and age were the two most important features for predicting preclinical Alzheimer's disease. The most important driving feature was vehicle jerk, a measure of driving smoothness.

"We found that using machine learning methods, we can identify very subtle patterns in driving that are associated with preclinical Alzheimer's disease," Bayat told 木瓜直播. "When developed to its full potential, a GPS driving biomarker can be a more affordable and scalable alternative to available procedures and methods."

"As opposed to providing an assessment of the patient's status at a given point in time, this biomarker can provide means for continuous monitoring of complex everyday activities and can help identify the behavioral changes that are related to the earliest underlying neurobiological changes," she added.

"Moving toward using readily available and accessible embedded technologies to monitor brain-related behaviors is where the future is headed," observed Rhoda Au, PhD, of Boston University, who wasn't involved with the study.

"Given that everything we do, we do through our brains, by monitoring our everyday actions we are essentially getting a continuous window into our brain function," Au told 木瓜直播.

"We can use this information to detect the earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease, potentially intervene when interventions would be most effective, and alter the trajectory of decline to such an extent that we may be able to prevent Alzheimer's altogether," she continued. "This study shows that this imagined future is soon upon us."

In their study, Bayat and co-authors tracked cognitively normal older drivers for 1 year, from January 1 to December 31, 2019, with an in-vehicle GPS data logger. The data logger and custom software were part of the Driving Real-World In-Vehicle Evaluation System (DRIVES), which recorded date, time, latitude and longitude coordinates, and speed every 30 seconds.

The sample included 64 people with and 75 people without preclinical Alzheimer's, assessed by cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of amyloid-beta (Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio). Participants were enrolled in longitudinal studies on aging and dementia at the Washington University Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center in St. Louis and drove at least weekly on average.

The researchers assessed indicators of driving performance -- speed, acceleration, and vehicle jerk characteristics, as well as aggressive driving incidents, such as hard braking -- and indicators of driving space, like number of night trips and unique destinations.

People with preclinical Alzheimer's were 79 years old on average; those without preclinical signs were 77. In both groups, about one-third of participants were APOE4 carriers and about half were women. Most participants were white.

The five most important driving features included two items that described driving performance (average jerk and over-speeding) and three that involved driving space (total number of night trips, radius of gyration, and number of trips shorter than 1 mile).

The study had several limitations. There was no automatic method to identify drivers and ensure friends or family members weren't driving, though the study took steps to control for that, Bayat said.

All participants were from the St. Louis area and the findings might not apply to others, the researchers noted, adding that in the future, larger studies could evaluate how race, sex, income, education, or social and cultural norms influence driving patterns in older adults.

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